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Convenient synthetic route to palladium complexes of unconventional N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from pyridazine and phthalazine

Several Pd(II) complexes with unconventional pyridazine- and phthalazine-derived carbene ligands were synthesized via direct oxidative addition of Cl derivatives of the alkylated diazine heterocycles to Pd(0) species. The alkylated ligand precursors are readily prepared from commercial starting materials, and oxidative addition is regioselective. DFT calculations confirm that the thermodynamically favored products are formed. Four complexes (1-4) have been fully characterized, including by X-ray crystallography. Attractive intramolecular pi-pi stacking between the electron-poor N-alkylated diazine heterocycles and adjacent phenyl groups of the PPh 3 coligands is revealed by the solid-state structures.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions Promoted by Biaryl Phosphorinane Ligands

We report the use of biaryl phosphorinanes as ligands for Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. A modular synthesis was developed that employs a double conjugate addition of primary biaryl phosphines into 1,1,5,5-tetraalkyl penta-1,4-diene-3-ones. Notably, this synthesis does not require the use of copper, a known contaminant in structurally related biaryl phosphane ligands. Using the synthetic strategy described above, we synthesized a library of biaryl phosphorinanes, varying their substitution about phosphorus and the steric and electronic nature of the biaryl motif. We then benchmarked their performance as ligands in Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reactions such as aryl sulfonamidation, aryl alkoxylation, and aryl amination in the presence of soluble organic bases. In each reaction studied, many ligands outperformed biaryl phosphanes known to promote the given transformation. Detailed substrate scopes were determined using high-throughput screening technology. Several biaryl phosphorinanes and their corresponding Pd(II) oxidative-addition complexes were extensively characterized using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. General observations support that biaryl phosphorinanes promote reductive elimination and form robust catalysts with palladium. In many cases the use of these biaryl phosphorinanes may be advantageous over the use of biaryl phosphanes with respect to lower catalyst loadings, shorter reaction times, and robustness.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Iptycene-Containing Azaacenes with Tunable Luminescence

An optimized route toward iptycene-capped, p -dibromo-quinoxalinophenazine was developed, increasing the yield significantly from literature procedures. New iptycene-containing symmetrical aza-acenes were synthesized from this intermediate using Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, and their photophysical properties were evaluated. Tuning the substituents allows modulating emission wavelengths across the visible spectrum. Substitution with 3-methoxy-2-methylthiophene exhibits a quantum yield of 35%. The (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene product has a quantum yield of 38% and serves as a model compound for the synthesis of polymers based on this electrooptically active molecular motif.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2-Benzothiazine 1,1-Dioxide Derivatives by Intramolecular Heck Cyclization

An efficient method for the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles containing 1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives via Pd-catalyzed intramolecular Heck cyclization is reported. The method offers the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalized benzosultams in 80-85% yields. The structure of benzosultam derivatives is confirmed from single crystal X-ray diffraction.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Increasing thiophene spacers between thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and benzothiadiazole units in backbone to enhance photovoltaic performance for their 2-D polymers

In order to investigate the effect of thiophene spacers in backbone between electron-rich thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) and electron-deficient benzothiadiazole (BT) units on the photovoltaic properties, novel two-dimensional (2-D) polymers with appending conjugated dioctylthiophene units in the 3,6-positions of TT were designed and synthesized, in which one or two thiophene spacers were embedded between TT and BT, respectively. The polymer with two thiophene spacers exhibited a broader absorption and higher power conversion efficiency in the bulk hetero-junction polymer solar cells. The best performance with efficiency up to 3.34% and short-circuit current values of 12.6 mA/cm2 was obtained, which are 2.1 and 3.0 times higher than those corresponding values for the polymer with only one thiophene spacer. Our work indicates that increasing the numbers of thiophene spacers between TT and BT moieties in the backbone is an efficient method to enhance the photovoltaic performance of their 2-D polymers in polymer solar cells.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Tropane analogs and methods for inhibition of monoamine transport

New tropane analogs that bind to monoamine transporters are described, particularly, 8-aza, 8carbo and 8-oxo tropanes having 6- or 7-substituents. The compounds of the present invention can be racemic, pure R-enantiomers, or pure S-enantiomers. Certain preferred compounds of the present invention have a high selectivity for the DAT versus the SERT. Also described are pharmaceutical therapeutic compositions comprising the compounds formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a method for inhibiting 5-hydroxy-tryptamine reuptake of a monoamine transporter by contacting the monoamine transporter with a 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibiting amount of a compound of the present invention. Preferred monoamine transporters for the practice of the present invention include the dopamine transporter, the serotonin transporter and the norepinephrine transporter.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Antibodies to Aripiprazole Haptens and Use Thereof

Disclosed is an antibody which binds to aripiprazole, which can be used to detect aripiprazole in a sample such as in a competitive immunoassay method. The antibody can be used in a lateral flow assay device for point-of-care detection of aripiprazole, including multiplex detection of aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in a single lateral flow assay device.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A versatile and efficient palladium-meta-terarylphosphine catalyst for the copper-free sonogashira coupling of (hetero-)aryl chlorides and alkynes

A novel meta-terarylphosphine ligand, CyPhine, was developed and found to be a highly active promoter of copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions when combined in situ with a palladium source. The evolutionary m-terarylphosphine ligand architecture was able to impose significant performance advantages over its biarylphosphine congeners. An expedient and versatile protocol was also devised with an emphasis on substrates applicable to the fine-chemicals industry by featuring a diverse range of challenging, electronrich aryl chlorides and terminal alkynes. The Pd-CyPhine catalyst was able to deliver products in excellent yields with efficient substrate utilization, which minimizes the generation of commonly formed byproducts, and the reaction is tolerant of a variety of substrates with unprotected functional groups.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective Heck-Matsuda arylation of allylic alcohols under mild conditions

Heck arylation with allylic alcohol is extremely challenging due to chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective scrambling. Here we report a mild protocol for the alcohol selective beta- and alpha-arylation of allylic and cinnamyl alcohols respectively with aryldiazonium salts. The steric and electronic parameters of the alkene play a prominent role in the regioselectivity.

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Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines, tetrahydroquinoxalines, and tetrahydroisoquinolines via Pd-Catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions

A catalyst composed of Pd2(dba)3 and (S)-Siphos-PE provides excellent results in Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions between aniline derivatives bearing pendant alkenes and aryl or alkenyl halides. These transformations generate tetrahydroquinolines and tetrahydroquinoxalines that contain quaternary carbon stereocenters with high levels of asymmetric induction. In addition this catalyst also effects the asymmetric synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolines via related transformations of 2-allylbenzylamines. In contrast to most other approaches to the asymmetric synthesis of these compounds, which frequently involve functional group interconversion or a single C-C or C-N bond-forming event, the carboamination reactions generate both a C-N bond, a C-C bond, and a stereocenter. This journal is

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method