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Palladium-catalyzed N1-selective allylation of indoles with allylic alcohols promoted by titanium tetraisopropoxide

The direct N1-selective allylation of indoles with allylic alcohols has been accomplished by synergistic functions of palladium catalysts and titanium tetraisopropoxide. The site selectivity is notably different from that observed in other related transition metal-catalyzed approaches. This chemistry provides a facile route to a variety of allylated indoles in synthetically useful yields. The utility of this simple allylation reaction was demonstrated with the first total synthesis of (+)-N-(4?-hydroxyprenyl)-cyclo(alanyltryptophyl), which was completed in five steps, starting from l-tryptophan methyl ester hydrochloride.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Ethanol-Processable, Highly Crystalline Conjugated Polymers for Eco-Friendly Fabrication of Organic Transistors and Solar Cells

We report eco- and human-friendly fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and polymer solar cells (PSCs) using only ethanol as a processing solvent at ambient condition, in stark contrast to that involving the use of halogenated and/or aromatic solvents. New ethanol-processable electroactive materials, p-type polymer (PPDT2FBT-A) and n-type bis-adduct fullerene acceptor (Bis-C60-A) are designed rationally by incorporation of oligoethylene glycol (OEG) side-chains. By ethanol processing, PPDT2FBT-A shows a broad light absorption in the range of 300-700 nm and highly crystalline interchain ordering with out-of-plane interlamellar scattering up to (400) with strong pi-pi stacking. As a result, the ethanol-processed PPDT2FBT-A OFETs yield high charge-carrier mobilities up to 1.0 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is the highest value reported to date from alcohol-processed devices. Importantly, the ethanol-processed PPDT2FBT-A OFET outperformed that processed using typical processing solvent, chlorobenzene (CB), with ?10-fold enhancement in hole mobility, because the highly edge-on oriented packing of PPDT2FBT-A was produced by ethanol-process. Also, for the first time, significant photovoltaic performance was achieved for the ethanol-processed device of PPDT2FBT-A and Bis-C60-A due to the formation of an interpenetrating nanofibrillar morphology of highly crystalline PPDT2FBT-A polymers. The relationships between molecular structure, nanoscale morphology and electronic properties within ethanol-processed OFETs and PSCs were elucidated by comparing to typical CB-processed devices. These comparisons provide important guidelines for the design of new ethanol/water-soluble active layer materials and their use in the development of green solvent-processed efficient OFETs and PSCs.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Computational ligand design for the reductive elimination of ArCF 3 from a small bite angle PdII complex: Remarkable effect of a perfluoroalkyl phosphine

To date only three ligands are known to trigger the challenging reductive elimination of ArCF3 from PdII. We report the computational design of a bidentate trifluoromethylphosphine ligand that although exhibiting a generally ineffective small bite angle is predicted to give facile reductive elimination. Our experimental verification gave quantitative formation of ArCF3 at 80-C within 2 h. This highlights the distinct effect of P-CF3 in organometallic reactivity and constitutes a proof-of-principle study of computational reactivity design. Theory meets practice: Computational studies have been used to design a ligand that triggers reactions that are not self-evident and may upon first inspection contrast the generally accepted trends. This study led to the synthesis of a {PdII(Ph)(CF3)} complex containing a bidentate trifluoromethylphosphine ligand with a small bite angle that demonstrates high reactivity towards the reductive elimination of PhCF3.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Indole-3-ethylsulfamoylphenylacrylamides with potent anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities

HDAC inhibition is emerging as a new strategy for cancer therapy. We previously reported that Nhydroxy- 3-{4-[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethylsulfamoyl]-phenyl}-acrylamide (9) demonstrated potent histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects. This continuous study provides detailed structureactivity relationship (SAR) of novel indol-3-ethylsulfamoylphenylacrylamides as anti-cancer agents. These compounds are endowed with potent HDAC inhibitory activity, almost 2.5 folds to 42 folds better than suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA). Compounds 8, 10, 11 and 17 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on various cancer cell lines with GI50 values in the range of 0.02 to 0.35 muM which are 10-50 folds better than SAHA. In-vivo nude mice model indicated the anti-angiogenic potential of these acrylamides. This study has indicated the potential of 3-{4-[2-(1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonylsulfamoyl]-phenyl}-N-hydroxy-acrylamide (11, mean GI50 = 0.04 muM) as a lead molecule for further development as anti-cancer agent.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Synthesis of dihydroisobenzofurans via palladium-catalyzed sequential alkynylation/annulation of 2-bromobenzyl and 2-chlorobenzyl alcohols under microwave irradiation

The palladium-catalyzed synthesis of dihydroisobenzofurans has been performed by sequential Sonogashira cross-coupling/cyclization reactions between terminal alkynes and 2-(hydroxymethyl)bromoand chlorobenzenes in methanol as solvent at 130 C under microwave irradiation. A 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone oxime-derived chloro-bridged palladacycle is an efficient pre-catalyst to perform this tandem process using 2-dicyclohexylphosphanyl-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (Xphos) as ancillary ligand and potassium hydroxide as base in the absence of a copper cocatalyst. Under these conditions, functionalized 2-bromo- and 2-chlorobenzaldehydes are also suitable partners in the domino process affording phthalans in good yields. All the reactions can be performed under air and employing reagentgrade chemicals under low loading conditions (1 mol% Pd).

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A crystalline low-bandgap polymer comprising dithienosilole and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione units for bulk heterojunction solar cells

We have used Stille coupling polymerization to synthesize a new low-bandgap conjugated polymer, PDTSTPD, that consists of an electron-rich dithieno[3,2-b:2?,3?-d]-silole (DTS) unit and an electron-deficient thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) moiety. The polymer exhibited an excellent thermal stability, crystalline characteristics, a broad spectral absorption, and a deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, resulting from combination of the rigid TPD and the coplanar DTS units in the polymer backbone. Moreover, the presence of the silicon atoms along the polymer chain ensured PDTSTPD having strong interchain stacking and good hole mobility. An optimal device incorporating the PDTSTPD:PC71BM blend at a weight ratio of 1:1 provided a power conversion efficiency of 3.42%.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Synthesis and characterization of bis(4-amino-2-bromo-6-methoxy)azobenzene derivatives

Aminoazobenzene derivatives with four ortho substituents with respect to the N-N double bond are a relatively unexplored class of azo compounds that show promise for use as photoswitches in biology. Tetra-ortho-methoxy-substituted aminoazobenzene compounds in particular can form azonium ions under physiological conditions and exhibit red-light photoswitching. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of two bis(4-amino-2-bromo-6-methoxy)azobenzene derivatives. These compounds form red-light-absorbing azonium ions, but only under very acidic conditions (pH < 1). While the low pKa makes the azonium form unsuitable, the neutral versions of these compounds undergo trans-to-cis photoisomerization with blue-green light and exhibit slow (tau1/2 ? 10 min) thermal reversion and so may find applications under physiological conditions. We’ll also look at important developments in the pharmaceutical industry because understanding organic chemistry is important in understanding health, medicine, the role of 52409-22-0, and how the biochemistry of the body works.Synthetic Route of 52409-22-0

Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

The invention concerns compounds of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, wherein R1 and R2 have any of the meanings defined hereinbefore in the description; processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in the treatment of cell proliferative disorders.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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BENZISOTHIAZOLINE DERIVATIVE, PLANT DISEASE CONTROL AGENT FOR AGRICULTURAL OR HORTICULTURAL USE, AND PEST CONTROL AGENT FOR AGRICULTURAL OR HORTICULTURAL USE

A plant disease control agent for agricultural or horticultural use and a pest control agent for agricultural or horticultural use, which contain a benzisothiazoline derivative or a salt thereof as an active ingredient and have the following marked effects. They are highly effective in controlling agricultural or horticultural plant diseases and are highly effective in controlling a wide range of pests. They are effective also in controlling pests having resistance. Furthermore, they are excellent in residual activity and rain resistance without causing chemical damage to crops. The benzisothiazoline derivative of the present invention is represented by the following general formula [I]. The symbols in the formula are defined in the Description.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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An entry to vinylcyclopropane through palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of alkenes with unstabilized allylic tosylhydrazones

A diastereoselective Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of alkenes with unstabilized allylic tosylhydrazones was developed. This methodology provides an efficient entry toward synthesis of the bicyclo[3.1.0] hexane system with an exo-double bond, and sets the basis for future elaboration of more complex polycyclic motifs.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method