Archives for Chemistry Experiments of 32005-36-0

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The formation of a bisMETAMORPhos PN-bridged dimeric PdI complex (3) from ligand 1 and Pd(dba)2 is described. The addition of 1 to Pd(dba)2 initially leads to the formation of Pd0 complex 2, which has a highly distorted tetrahedral environment and binds two neutral ligands 1. Complex 2 converts to {PdI}2 complex 3 upon heating. Complex 3 consists of a completely flat Pd-Pd core, with a Pd-Pd bond length of 2.6199(4) A, and the Pd centers display a highly distorted square planar coordination environment. The formation of complex 3 from 2 is suggested to proceed via an in situ comproportionation pathway. Initial decoordination of one ligand from 2 followed by oxidative addition of one neutral coordinated ligand arm leads to a 1-PdIIH complex. Insertion of free dba into the Pd-H bond generates a 1-PdIIdba complex that releases 1,5-diphenylpent-1-en-3-one via intra- or intermolecular protonolysis. Concomitantly, comproportionation with 1-Pd0 yields 3. Complex 3 was found to function as a precatalyst in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of p-chloroacetophenone with good conversions.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

Archives for Chemistry Experiments of Bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium

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The transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes to (Z)-alkenes shows excellent chemo- and stereoselectivity when using a zerovalent palladium(NHC)(maleic anhydride)-complex as precatalyst and triethylammonium formate as hydrogen donor. Studies on the kinetics under reaction conditions showed a broken positive order in substrate and first order in catalyst and hydrogen donor. Deuterium-labeling studies on the hydrogen donor showed that both hydrogens of formic acid display a primary kinetic isotope effect, indicating that proton and hydride transfers are separate rate-determining steps. By monitoring the reaction with NMR, we observed the presence of a coordinated formate anion and found that part of the maleic anhydride remains coordinated during the reaction. From these observations, we propose a mechanism in which hydrogen transfer from coordinated formate anion to zerovalent palladium(NHC)(MA)(alkyne)-complex is followed by migratory insertion of hydride, after which the product alkene is liberated by proton transfer from the triethylammonium cation. The explanation for the high selectivity observed lies in the competition between strongly coordinating solvent and alkyne for a Pd(alkene)-intermediate.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Tsuji-Trost reaction (Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation) of CF 3-containing esters with three electron-withdrawing groups is reported. The reactions with methyl bis(trifluoromethyl)acetate and dimethyl (trifluoromethyl)malonate were carried out with low-loading catalysts of Pd(0) and XPhos at ambient temperature in THF, giving the products in high yields. This method efficiently overcomes the beta-defluorination, which is hard to control in the chemical transformation of alpha-trifluoromethyl carbanions, and provides versatile fluorinated compounds with quaternary carbon centers, which are highly demanded in drug discovery.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Selective copper(I) to palladium(0) transmetallation of P-donors from the rigid N,N?-diphosphanyl-imidazol-2-ylidene C3H2[NP(tBu)2]2 (PCNHCP) was observed when known [Cu3(mu3-PCNHCP,kappaP,kappaCNHC,kappaP)2](OTf)3 was reacted with [Pd(PPh3)4]. When 1.2 equivalents of [Pd(PPh3)4] was used, the product [Cu2Pd(mu3-PCNHCP,kappaP,kappaCNHC,kappaP)2](OTf)2 (2(OTf)2) was obtained, which features a CuI?CuI?Pd0 chain and appears to be the first linear heterotrinuclear complex with d10?d10 interactions between Pd0 and CuI. When the Cu3 precursor was reacted with 3.0 equivalents of [Pd(PPh3)4], the complex [CuPd2(mu3-PCNHCP,kappaP,kappaCNHC,kappaP)2](OTf)2 (3(OTf)2) was obtained, which, on the basis of magnetic measurements, DFT calculations, and computed nuclear shieldings, was formulated as containing a Pd0?CuI?Pd0 chain with an electron hole delocalized over the whole cation, including the metal chain. Similarly, selective transmetallation of the P-donors in [Ag3(mu3-PCNHCP,kappaP,kappaCNHC,kappaP)2](OTf)3 from silver to palladium (originating from [Pd(PPh3)4]) gave the linear chain [Ag2Pd(mu3-PCNHCP,kappaP,kappaCNHC,kappaP)2](OTf)2 (5(OTf)2), which on the basis of NMR spectroscopy comprises an AgI?AgI?Pd0 metal core. However, X-ray diffraction data collected on various samples of 5(OTf)2 were modeled with 50:50 metal disorder at the terminal positions, corresponding to a (AgI/Pd0)?AgI?(AgI/Pd0) formulation. Upon standing in solution, 5(OTf)2 transformed to 6(OTf)2, the regioisomer of 5(OTf)2 in which the Pd center has migrated to the central position of an AgI?Pd0?AgI chain. Prolonged standing in CH2Cl2 or by reaction with [PtCl2(NCMe)2] converts complex 6(OTf)2 to the AgI/PdII complex [Ag2PdCl2(mu3-PCNHCP,kappaP,kappaCNHC,kappaP)2](OTf)2 (7(OTf)2). The structural data of 2(OTf)2, 3(OTf)2, and 7(OTf)2 establish significant heterometallophilic interactions.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The crystal structure of the title compound, [Pd2Br2(C25-H34P)2], a new binuclear phospha-alkene compound containing a trivalent P atom shows a centrosymmetric dimeric arrangement. The Pd2Br2 core is planar and adopts an irregular diamond shape. The coordination of the Pd atom is square planar. No stacking interactions were observed in the molecular packing.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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[Hg{CH2C(O)Me}2] reacts with [PdCl2(MeCN)2] (1:1) or with (Me4N)2[Pd2Cl6] (2:1) to give [Pd{CH2C(O)Me}Cl]n, which can be used to prepare a variety of acetonyl complexes. Thus, by reacting it with the appropriate ligands, complexes [Pd{CH2C(O)Me}I]n, [Pd{CH2C(O)-Me}ClL2] [L2 = N,N,N?N?-tetramethylethylenediamine, 2,2?-bipyridine, 4,4?-(tBu)2-2,2?- bipyridine, 1,10-phenathroline; L = PPh3, dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso)], [Pd2{CH2C(O)Me}{mu-Kappa2-C,O- CH2C(O)Me}(mu-Cl)Cl(dmso)2], or [Pd2{CH2C(O)Me}2(mu-Cl)2(tetrahydr othiophene)2] can be obtained. The crystal structures of the last two complexes and that of [Hg{CH2C(O)-Me}2] have been determined by X-ray crystallography.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Following the reaction sequence i) oxidative addition of RNHC(O)C 6H3I2-2,6 (R = Me, Tol) to [Pd 2(dba)3]·dba in the presence of chelating ligands N?N or XyNC (Xy = C6H3Me2-2,6), ii) treatment of the resulting complexes with TlTfO or Tl(acac) (acac = acetylacetonato), and iii) insertion of unsaturated molecules (CO, XyNC, MeO2CC?CCO2Me, MeC(O)CH=CH2) into one of the Pd-Caryl bonds of the resulting complexes allowed the synthesis of aryldipalladated complexes containing the ligands L1 = mu-C,C-{C 6H3C(O)NHR}-2,6, L2 = mu-C,C-{C6H 3C(O)NHMe}(C=NXy)2-2,6, L3 = mu-C,O,C-{C 6H3C(O)NHMe}-2,6, L4 = mu-C,O,C,N-{C6H 3C(O)NR}-2,6, L6 = mu-C,N,C,O-{C6H3C(O)NR}-2- (C=O)-6, L7 = mu-C,N,C,O-{C6H3C(O)NR}-2-{C(CO 2Me)=C(CO2Me)}-6, L8 = mu-C,N,C,O-{C6H 3C(O)NR}-2-(C=NXy)-6 and two arylmonopalladated complexes with the ligands L5 = C,O-{C6H4C(O)NHMe}-2 and L9 = C,N-{C 6H3C(O)NTol}-2-{CH=CHC(O)Me}-6. The complex with the ligand L7 inserted CO into the second Pd-Caryl bond to give an L10-Pd2 complex (L10 = mu-C,N,C,O-{C6H 3C(O)NTol}(C=O)-2-{C(CO2Me)=C(CO2Me)}-6. The dipalladated species display a different environment for each palladium atom and represent the first systems containing two 5 + 5, 5 + 6, 5 + 7, or 6 + 7-membered palladacycles condensed over the central benzamide group. The two arms of the ligands L4 and L6-L8 and L10 are “akimbo”, and we coin this name both for the ligands and for the dimetallic complexes bearing them. The crystal structure of a [{Pd(N?N)}2L6]+ complex has been determined.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

Extracurricular laboratory:new discovery of Bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium

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In this paper, the synthesis of a new type of intrinsically chiral, directly beta,beta’-linked, octa-mesoaryl-substituted bisporphyrins is described, by using an optimized Suzuki-Miyaura coupling procedure. This strategy leads to a broad variety of such axially chiral ‘superbiaryls’, differing in their metalation states and substitution patterns. On the basis of an efficient route to as-yet-unknown beta-boronic acid esters of various meso-tetraarylporphyrins (TAPs) by a two-step bromination-borylation protocol, 18 axially chiral bisporphyrin derivatives were prepared in good to excellent yields. As compared to all other directly linked dimeric porphyrin systems, the joint presence of eight bulky meso substituents and the peripheral position of the porphyrin-porphyrin linkage is unprecedented. The axial configurations and rotational barriers of the pure atropo-enantiomers were investigated by HPLC-CD experiments on a chiral phase in combination with quantum chemical CD calculations. According to the HPLC experiments and in agreement with quantum chemical calculations by applying the dispersion-corrected BLYP method, the configurational stability of the central porphyrin-porphyrin axis strongly depends on the nature of the central metals. Cyclovoltammetric studies proved the systematic influence of the meso substituents and of the metal ions on the oxidation potentials of the bisporphyrins. The novel axially chiral bis(tetrapyrrole) compounds described here are potentially useful as substrates for asymmetric catalysis, biomimetic studies on directed electron-transfer processes, for photodynamic therapy (PDT), and for chiral recognition.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The present invention relates to deuterated thiazolidinone analogues as agonists for follicle stimulating hormone receptor and their use for treating fertility disorders.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A regioselective and enantioselective palladium-catalyzed relay Heck alkenylation of alkenylbenzene derivatives to construct remote stereocenters is disclosed. Various beta-substituted styrenes were readily obtained in moderate yields with good to excellent levels of enantioselectivity. This strategy provides rapid access to enantioenriched delta, ?, zeta, and eta-alkenyl aryl compounds from simple starting materials. Mechanistic studies suggest that termination of the relay reaction is controlled by affinity of the arene for the Pd complex during migration.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method