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The complexes Pd(diphos)(o-An)(I) (o-An = o-MeOC6H4; diphos = dppe (3), (S,S)-Chiraphos (4), (R,R)-Me-Duphos (5), (R,S) -t-Bu-Josiphos (6), (R)-Tol-Binap (7)) were prepared. Complex 6 catalyzed the coupling of PH(Me)(Ph)(BH3) (2) with o-AnI in the presence of base to yield PAMP-BH3 (P(Me)(Ph)(o-An)(BH3) (1)) in low enantiomeric excess. The course of stoichiometric reactions of 3-7 with 2 and NaOSiMe3 depended on the diphosphine ligand. Complexes 6 and 7 gave PAMP-BH3 (1) and Pd(0) species; no intermediates were observed. With 3, the intermediate Pd(dppe)(o-An)(P(Me)(Ph)(BH3)) (10) was observed by 31P NMR, while 4 gave the isolable diastereomeric palladium complexes (Sp)-Pd((S,S)-Chiraphos)(o-An)(P(Me)(Ph)(BH3)) (11a) and (RP)-Pd((S,S)-Chiraphos)(o-An)(P(Me)(Ph)(BH3)) (11b), whose absolute configurations were determined by X-ray crystallography after separation. The analogous Pd((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(o-An)(P(Me)(Ph)(BH3)) diastereomers (12a,b) were also separated and isolated. Treatment of 4 with highly enantioenriched 2 (R or S) gave 11a or 11b in high diastereomeric excess with retention of configuration at phosphorus. P-C reductive elimination from either isomer of highly diastereoenriched 11 in the presence of excess diphenylacetylene yielded Pd((S,S)-Chiraphos)(PhC?CPh) (14) and highly enantioenriched PAMP-BH3 (1), with retention of configuration.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The reaction of [Mo3S4(H2O) 9]4+(1) and [Mo3OS3(H 2O)9]4+ (2) with hydrotris(pyrazolyl)ethanol (HTpe) ligands produced [Mo3S4(Tpe)3]PF 6¡¤3CH2Cl2 ([5]PF63CH2Cl 2) and [Mo3OS3(Tpe)3] PF6¡¤4CH2Cl2 ([6]PF6¡¤4CH 2Cl2), respectively, using solvent extraction. Furthermore, the tungsten analogous comgammas, [W3S 4(Tpe)3]PF6¡¤4CH2Cl2 ([7]PF6¡¤ 4CH2Cl2) and [W 3OS3(Tpe)3]PF6¡¤2.5CH2Cl2 ([8]PF6¡¤2.5CH2Cl2) have been prepared using a similar procedure to that used in the preparation of 5. The cyclic voltammograms of 5, 6, and 7 show one reversible one-electron oxidation process and one reversible one-electron reduction process (5, E1/2 = -0.96 and 1.10V; 6, E1/2= -0.96 and 1.00V; 7, E1/2 = -1.54 and 0.77V: all values are given vs. SHE). Complex 8 also shows one reversible (E1/2= 0.61 V) and one irreversible one-electron oxidation processes (Epc = 1.12 V) and one irreversible one-electron reduction process (Epc = -1.54 V). The reaction of 5 with organometallic comgamma [Pd2(dba)3] in CH3CN afforded [Mo 3PdS4Cl(Tpe)3]¡¤ 4.5CH2Cl 2 ([11]¡¤4.5CH2Cl2). Complex 11 showed a high catalytic activity for the intramolecular cyclization of 4- pentynoic acid to give gamma-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone in the presence of Et3N. X-ray structure analyses of [5]PF6¡¤3CH2Cl2, [6]PF6¡¤4CH2Cl2, [7]PF 6¡¤4CH2Cl2, [8]PF6¡¤2. 5CH2Cl2, and [11]¡¤4.5CH2Cl2 revealed that each molybdenum or tungsten atom is bonded to the Tpe ligand.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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We report a newly developed carbazoyl-derived P,N-type phosphine ligand (L1) for the monoarylation of acetone with aryl chlorides. The proposed Pd(dba)2/L1 catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic reactivity toward highly electron rich and sterically congested aryl chlorides, with catalyst loading as low as 0.1 mol % of Pd along with excellent chemoselectivity. A reaction rate study of the system using electronically diverse aryl chlorides determined the mechanisms regarding the rate-limiting steps in this reaction. The oxidative addition adduct of Pd-PhenCar-Phos with p-chlorotoluene showed the participation of N-Pd coordination in the metal complex. The isolated palladium complex C1 could be utilized as a precatalyst in the transformation and achieved performance comparable to that of the in situ generated palladium species.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A common strategy to incorporate four-membered ring system between benzimidazole and quinoline cores was developed by one-pot protocol involving the condensation of o-phenylenediamine with 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde derivatives followed by intramolecular palladium catalyzed C-N coupling. A series of ligands, palladium sources, bases and solvents were screened to optimize the reaction conditions for the synthesis of quinoline-fused azeto[1,2-a]benzimidazoles.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Tertiary allylic alcohols equipped with a carboxyl group can be smoothly aminated under ambient conditions by a conceptually new and stereoselective protocol under palladium catalysis. The in situ formed Z-configured gamma-amino acid cyclizes to afford an alpha,beta-unsaturated gamma-lactam, releasing water as the only byproduct. This practical catalytic transformation highlights the use of a carboxyl group acting as an activating and stereodirecting functional group to provide a wide series of pharma-relevant building blocks. Various control reactions support the crucial role of the carboxyl group in the substrate to mediate these transformations.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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? Iodoanilines bearing a diene side-chain at the 3-position were converted to tricyclic fused indole derivatives under palladium catalysis. This cascade reaction proceeds through an intramolecular Heck insertion of the diene, followed by an allylic amination reaction sequence. Experimental and computational studies indicated that K3S-allylpalladium complex-mediated substitution was operative for the latter cyclization.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A novel series of PI3Kbeta (Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases beta subunit) inhibitors with the structure of benzothiazole scaffold have been designed and synthesized. All the compounds have been evaluated for inhibitory activities against PI3Kalpha, beta, gamma, delta and mTOR (Mammalian target of rapamycin). Two superior compounds have been further evaluated for the IC50 values against PI3Ks/mTOR. The most promising compound 11 displays excellent anti-proliferative activity and selectivity in multiple cancer cell lines, especially in the prostate cancer cell line. Docking studies indicate the morpholine group in 2-position of benzothiazole is necessary for the potent antitumor activity, which confirms our design is reasonable.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Development of a mild (35 C, no Bronsted acids) tandem Wacker oxidation-dehydrogenation of terminal olefins was accomplished using palladium(II) and hypervalent iodine co-catalysis. The reaction affords linear aryl and alkyl alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones directly from readily available terminal olefins in good yields (average 75% per step) with excellent functional group tolerance and chemo- and stereoselectivities. The hypervalent iodine co-catalyst was found to be critical for dehydrogenation but was not effective as a stoichiometric oxidant.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A method of preparing a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises: (a) reacting Compound (1) or (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with Compound (2) in the presence of water, an organic solvent, a base, and a transition metal catalyst to generate a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) are known to generate 1,3-dipoles with a palladium catalyst that initially serve as nucleophiles to undergo [3 + 2] cycloadditions with electron-deficient olefins. In this report, we reverse this reactivity and drive the 1,3-dipoles to serve as electrophiles by employing 3-alkylated indoles as nucleophiles. This represents the first use of VCPs for the completely atom-economic functionalization of 3-substituted 1H-indoles and tryptophan derivatives via a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (Pd-AAA). Excellent yields and high chemo-, regio-, and enantioselectivities have been realized, providing various indolenine and indoline products. The method is amenable to gram scale and works efficiently with tryptophan derivatives that contain a diketopiperazine or diketomorpholine ring, allowing us to synthesize mollenine A in a rapid and ligand-controlled fashion. The obtained indolenine products bear an imine, an internal olefin, and a malonate motif, giving multiple sites with diverse reactivities for product diversification. Complicated polycyclic skeletons can be conveniently constructed by leveraging this unique juxtaposition of functional groups.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method