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New random poly{benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6- dione-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione} (PBDT-TPD-DPP) based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene (BDT) as donor and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD, 60-90%), pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DPP, 10-40%) as acceptors were synthesized through Stille coupling reaction. The photophysical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of random polymers were investigated. The random polymers with high molecular weight (Mn = 33.5-41.7 kDa) exhibited broad and strong absorption covering the spectra range from 350 nm up to 922 nm with absorption maxima at around 700 nm, the relatively deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels vary between -5.25 and -5.42 eV and suitable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels ranging from -3.85 to -3.91 eV. Polymer solar cells (PSC) based on these new random polymers were fabricated with device structures of ITO/PEDOT: PSS/random polymers: PC71BM (1:2, w/w)/Ca/Al. The photovoltaic properties of random polymers were evaluated under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW/cm2). Devices based on the random polymers showed open circuit voltage (V oc) of 0.71-0.83 V, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.82-1.80%.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Palladium catalyzed aminoarylation reactions are widely used to create new C?N bonds. It has been proved that the method of synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline derivatives (PQX), consisting of the reductive cyclization of the corresponding pyrazole derivative, is the most universal method of PQX synthesis among the known and is regiospecific. The obtained x-chloro-1-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline isomers were starting materials for the synthesis of N,N-diethylamine derivatives. The position differentiation of these substituents strongly impact the emissive properties of the final compounds.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The synthesis of new donor/acceptor 3-substituted thiophene copolymers with two different alkyl substituents is presented. The new alternating (3-alkyl/3-cyano)thiophene copolymers were prepared via the Stille coupling reaction involving 2,5-bis-tri(n-butyl)tin-3-cyanothiophene and 2,5-dibromo-3-alkylthiophenes in the presence of catalytic amounts of palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine. The new materials were characterised by NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy and their molecular weights determined by gel permeation chromatography. The physical properties of the different copolymers are discussed in relation with their different alkyl group substituents (R = n-decyl and cyclohexyl).

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The invention concerns metal complexes and their preparation, in particular a metal complex MLnXm, where M is a metal of group 8, 9 or 10 and X is a halide, HCO3-, NO3-, CO32- or carboxylate. n is a number equal to or less than the coordination number of the metal and m is 1 or 2 and is equal to the oxidation state of the metal. The ligand L may be a bidentate phosphine of formula (I), (II), (III) or (IV) as set out herein. The process of production comprises reacting an ammine compound of metal M with a complexing compound, which is preferably a phosphine.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The present invention relates to a compound of formula STR1 or a nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt, physiologically hydrolyzable ester or solvate thereof, in which X is –O–CO–, –NH–CO–, –CS–NH–, –CO–O–, –CO–NH–, –COS–, –SCO–, –SCH2 –, –CH2 –CH2 –, –C C–, –CH2 –NH–, –COCH2 –, –NHCS–, –CH2 S–, –CH2 O–, –OCH2 –, –NHCH2 — or –CR5 =CR6 –; Rm and Rk are independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-6 alkyl, hydroxy, C1-6 alkyloxy or nitro; n is zero or one; R4 is –(CH2)t –Y, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl; R1 is –CO2 Z, C1-6 alkyl, CH2 OH, –CONHRy, or CHO; R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; but when n is one, Ra and Rb together can form a radical of the formula STR2 Y is naphthyl or phenyl, both radicals can be optionally substituted with one to three same or different C1-6 alkyl or halogen; Z is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; R5, R6 and Ry are independently hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; and t is zero to six.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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With their versatile absorption, fluorescence, n-type semiconducting and (photo-)stability properties, perylene bisimides have evolved as the most investigated compounds among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the last decade. In this review we collect the results from about 200 original publications, reporting a plethora of new perylene bisimide derivatives whose properties widely enrich the possibility for the application of these dyes beyond traditional fields. While some applications are highlighted, different from other recent reviews, our focus here is on the advances in the synthetic methodologies that have afforded new bay functionalizations, recently addressed functionalizations at the ortho-positions to the carbonyl groups, and annulation of carbo- and heterocyclic units. An impressive number of perylene bisimide oligomers are highlighted as well which are connected by single bonds or spiro linkage or in a fused manner, leading to arrays with fascinating optical and electronic properties.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The present description relates to substituted polycyclic compounds of Formula (I), Formula (II) or Formula (III): wherein the dashed line represents an optional double bond and Rl, R2, R4, R5, R7, X and Z are as defined herein, and forms and compositions thereof, and also relates to uses of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II) or Formula (III) or a form thereof and methods for treating or ameliorating Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) in a subject in need thereof comprising, administering an effective amount of the compound to the subject.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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One-pot ketone synthesis has been developed with in situ activation of alkyl halides to alkylzinc halides in the presence of thioesters and Pd-catalyst. The new method provides us with a reliable option for a coupling at a late stage in a convergent synthesis of complex molecules, with use of a near 1:1 molar ratio of coupling partners. First, two facile, orthogonal methods have been developed for preparation of alkylzinc halides: (1) direct insertion of zinc dust to 1- and 2-alkyl halides in the presence of LiI in DMI and (2) early transition-metal assisted activation of alkyl halides via a single electron transfer (SET) process. CrCl2 has been found as an unprecedented, inevitable mediator for preparation of alkylzinc halides from alkyl halides, where CrCl2 likely functions to trap R·, generated via a SET process, and transfer it to Zn(II) to form RZnX. In addition to a commonly used CoPc, a new radical initiator NbCpCl4 has been discovered through the study. Second, with use of the two orthogonal methods, three sets of coupling conditions have been developed to complete one-pot ketone synthesis, with Condition A (Pd2dba3, PR3, Zn, LiI, TESCl, DMI), Condition B (A + CrCl2), and Condition C (B + NbCpCl4 or CoPc) being useful for simple linear and alpha-substituted substrates, simple linear and beta-substituted substrates, and complex substrates, respectively. Condition C is applicable to the broadest range of substrates. Overall, one-pot ketone synthesis gives excellent yields, with good functional group tolerance. Controlled formation of alkylzinc halides by a combination of CrCl2 and NbCpCl4 or CoPc is crucial for its application to complex substrates. Interestingly, one-pot ketone synthesis does not suffer from the chemical instability due to the inevitable radical pathway(s), for example a 1,5-H shift. Notably, even with the increase in molecular size, no significant decrease in coupling efficiency has been noticed. To illustrate the synthetic value at a late stage in a complex molecule synthesis, ketone 4sc, containing all the carbons of Eribulin, has been synthesized from 1s and 3c.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The first efficient regioselective pyridylation of 1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-iodoazetidine to produce 2- and 3-heteroarylazetidines under palladium-catalyzed conditions has been developed. The established direct pyridylation of azetidines affords 2- vs. 3-heteroarylazetidines in moderate to good yields (up to 92%) and with good regioselectivity (up to 98:2) by using different ligands. (Figure presented.).

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Two novel donor-acceptor (D-A)-type two-dimensional (2-D) polymers of PTTPABDT-DTBT and PTTPABDT-DFDTBT were synthesized and characterized, in which extended conjugated side chained 4-thienyltriphenylamine benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b?]dithiophene (TTPABDT) as the donor unit, thiophene (T) as the pi-bridge, benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BT) and 5,6-difluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (DFBT) as the acceptor units. Due to the introduction of the extended conjugated side chained TTPA, polymers exhibited good thermal stabilities, broad absorption spectra and narrow optical band gaps. The hole mobility of 2.15 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 was obtained in the PTTPABDT-DFDTBT/PC71BM blended film, which is two times higher than that of the PTTPABDT-DTBT/PC71BM blended film. Finally, the PTTPABDT-DFDTBT/PC71BM-based polymer solar cells presented the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.29% with a fill factor (FF) of 62.5%, while PTTPABDT-DTBT-based devices shown a PCE of 3.92% with a FF of 58.8%. The results indicate that the introduction of the extended conjugated TTPA side chain into the D-A-type 2-D polymers is an efficient approach to improve photovoltaic performances for its resulting polymers.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method